Complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix. Dear friends, today it’s all about the complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix. Have a look!!
Complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
In my earlier posts, I have already shown how to find out eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a matrix.
Now with eigenvalues of any matrix, three things can happen.
First one is a simple one – like all eigenvalues are real and different.
Next one is at least one eigenvalue is repeated, can be twice or even more.
And finally, the last one is that the eigenvalues are the complex conjugate numbers, not real anymore.
Today I’ll talk about only the complex eigenvalues of a matrix with real numbers.
Then I’ll also try to figure out the corresponding eigenvectors.
So, I’ll start with some examples.
Some examples of Complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
Disclaimer: None of these examples is mine. I have chosen these from some book or books. I have also given the due reference at the end of the post.
So here are the examples.
Example 1
According to Kreyszig (2005) “Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices.
”
Solution
Here the given matrix is
First of all, I’ll give it a name, say, .
Therefore it will be
Now I’ll start with the eigenvalues of the matrix .
Step 1
In the beginning, comes the characteristic equation of the matrix .
So it will be
Here is the eigenvalue of the matrix
.
Thus will be
Next, I’ll evaluate the determinant.
So it will be
Now this gives
Since , this means
.
Now I’ll solve this equation to get the values of .
Thus it will be
So I’ll simplify it to get the values of as
Now I have two values of – one is
and the other one is
.
So both are the complex conjugate numbers.
Hence these are the complex eigenvalues of a matrix with real numbers.
Now I’ll find out the eigenvectors corresponding to each eigenvalue.
Step 2
First of all, I’ll get the eigenvector corresponding to .
For , the matrix
is
This means
Suppose is the corresponding eigenvector for the eigenvalue
.
Thus I can say
This means
and
So I get two different equations as
(1)
(2)
From equation (2), I can say
Thus the eigenvector will be
Therefore I can say for , the corresponding eigenvector is
Now I’ll find out the eigenvector corresponding to .
Step 3
For , the matrix
is
This means
Suppose is the corresponding eigenvector for the eigenvalue
.
Thus I can say
This means
and
So I get two different equations as
(3)
(4)
From equation (4), I can say
Thus the eigenvector will be
Therefore I can say for , the corresponding eigenvector is
Hence I can conclude that the eigenvalues of the matrix are and the corresponding eigenvectors are
.
This is the answer to this example.
Now I’ll solve another example on complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix.
Example 2
According to Kreyszig (2005) “Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices.
”
Solution
Here the given matrix is
First of all, I’ll give it a name, say, .
Therefore it will be
Now I’ll start with the eigenvalues of the matrix .
Step 1
In the beginning, comes the characteristic equation of the matrix .
So it will be
Here is the eigenvalue of the matrix
.
Thus will be
Next, I’ll evaluate the determinant.
So it will be
Now this gives
Since , this means
.
Now I’ll solve this equation to get the values of .
Thus it will be
So I’ll simplify it to get the values of as
Now I have two values of – one is
and the other one is
.
So both are the complex conjugate numbers.
Hence these are the complex eigenvalues of a matrix with real numbers.
Now I’ll find out the eigenvectors corresponding to each eigenvalue.
Step 2
First of all, I’ll get the eigenvector corresponding to .
For , the matrix
is
This means
Suppose is the corresponding eigenvector for the eigenvalue
.
Thus I can say
This means
and
So I get two different equations as
(5)
(6)
From equation (6), I can say
Thus the eigenvector will be
Therefore I can say for , the corresponding eigenvector is
Now I’ll find out the eigenvector corresponding to .
Step 3
For , the matrix
is
This means
Suppose is the corresponding eigenvector for the eigenvalue
.
Thus I can say
This means
and
So I get two different equations as
(7)
(8)
From equation (8), I can say
Thus the eigenvector will be
Therefore I can say for , the corresponding eigenvector is
Hence I can conclude that the eigenvalues of the matrix are and the corresponding eigenvectors are
.
This is the answer to this example.
Dear friends, this is the end of my today’s post on complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix. Thank you very much for reading this. Please let me know how you feel about it. Soon I will be back again with a new post. Till then, bye, bye!!
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